/Contents 60 0 R Equally, it is limiting to conceptualize rituals in the context of genealogical continuity only. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] The performance of rituals ought to be viewed as an important cultural norm and traditional practice. Values are an enduring belief that a specific end-state or mode of conduct is preferable. For individual problems, many people find an acceptable answer in either witchcraft, or supernatural influence, or both. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. Counseling, as casual but purposeful contact and interaction between people, has an origin as ancient as the genesis of humankind. These broad and inclusive descriptions of culture suggest that there are variable factors which define a peoples culture, which are learned, assimilated, and integrated, over time. The primary function of rituals of socialization and transformation is consistent with the structural functionalist paradigm [21]. They constitute a prevalent belief that finds solace in traditional healers who divine not only their occurrence, but also their effect on the causation of physical illness among members of the community and their ritualistic treatment. endobj /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /Resources 86 0 R 7 0 obj 5 0 obj The evolutionary history of natural selection is anchored on developmental issues through life, such as transition changes and adaptation. There are a few potential benefits to a traditional system of power and authority. endobj In expressing this interdependence, most people resort to religious gatherings as a form of maintaining communication and communion with the heavens above. When there is failure, or dissatisfaction with a problem resolution at the zone committee level, the matter can be referred to the Chief, who is the final authority. Values represent the base upon which a person builds a satisfactory personal existence (age, geographical area, generation); they are crystallized through social models and personal experiences (cultural, professional, societal), and they represent the fundamental or universal paradigms, such as autonomy, equality, liberty, solidarity, freedom, justice, and fairness [6]. /Rotate 0 /Parent 1 0 R There is no specific timeframe for individual sessions in traditional counseling, but the traditional counselor applies intuition to determine the most appropriate timing for each session, depending on prevailing circumstances and conditions in each case. Ritualism is the regular or excessive practice of rituals, although this view bears a rather negative connotation. /Parent 1 0 R Society exists, and exerts credence, where people behave and interact with one another based on mutual recognition, acceptance, and respect, and culture plays a significant role in the sphere of social life, as it is central to the development of any human society [4]. Understanding the sociocultural context of a clients behavior and belief system is an essential psychological ingredient for the accurate assessment, amelioration, and management of problem situations presented by clients. >> /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] Ideally, the technology becomes transparent, so it simply serves as a tool for communication, without requiring attention in and of itself. /Resources 72 0 R /Rotate 0 Some of the issues that multiculturalism set out to address, although primarily referenced in the Euro-American context, have some relevance to the African context as well. According to this paradigm, the community represented by the authority of elders becomes responsible for discharging the primary functions of rituals for the benefit of the community at large. Talkspace Self-Guided app, Find a therapist First, multiculturalism integrates a conception of the uniqueness of each culture, and its own constructed worldview based on a plurality of traditional values, customs and practices. /Type /Page It is plausible to postulate that both natural spirits and ancestral spirits are important factors in the etiology of human disease causation and the practice of traditional herbal medicine. *Address all correspondence to: hectorchiboola@yahoo.com. The behavior of people varies from one culture to another. The institution of marriage represents the behaviors, norms, expectations, and values, that are associated with legally, socially, and culturally-recognized marriages between a woman and a man. << Its an issue of preference as well. You Can Express Yourself In Many Ways Text, Video, Audio and More. Some online therapy networks dont require identifying information from potential clients. 3. Depending on severity and complexity of the problem situation or social issue at hand, it may be referred to the village headman/woman, prior to referral to either the village committee or the zone committee. 12 0 obj endobj According to Sue, Ivey and Pedersen [25], the fundamental assumptions of multiculturalism are that it is a meta-theory of counseling, as it offers an organizational framework for understanding the numerous counseling approaches that people have developed. It involves covert actions by people to cause misfortune. /Type /Page Multiculturalism recognizes the interplay of the cultural influence between the counselor and client and how those influences determine or affect the counseling process outcomes. The informal education, and the initiation counseling related to performance of rituals at the pubertal stage, place emphasis on learning for transformation, and at the marital stage, on social integration. Each community comprises people of different ethnic backgrounds, languages, religions, customs, and traditions. /Rotate 0 Adhering to the The traditional counselor must be proactive and interactive during the counseling process, and should be conscious of the sociocultural context of the client, his family and environment, which is in sharp contrast to the professional counselors role of reactivity and passivity, which is required in classical psychodynamic counseling practice. Online therapy is not trying to replace traditional therapy, but it is a better fit for millions of people. /Rotate 0 There are two categories of values: terminal values refer to desirable end-states, or goals, such as wisdom, comfort, peace, and freedom; whereas instrumental values refer to the means by which the end-states are to be achieved, for instance through ambition, honesty, and competence [1]. Research Methods >> endobj Most counseling theories have tended to focus on the individual, giving minimal attention to contextual issues and sociocultural values, customs and practices. >> 39 0 obj Lets say you find an in-office therapist in your area who seems like a perfect fit. /OP false 1. The search process can be short as well. >> Culture refers to a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and esthetic development; a particular way of life, whether of a people, a period, or a group; or the works and practices of intellectual and artistic activity [12]. /Rotate 0 /Differences [ 32 /space 40 /parenleft /parenright 44 /comma /hyphen /period 48 /zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon 65 /A /B /C /D /E 72 /H /I 75 /K /L 78 /N 80 /P 82 /R /S /T /U 97 /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h /i 107 /k /l /m /n /o /p 114 /r /s /t /u /v /w 121 /y 169 /copyright ] By eliminating negative thoughts, the person can think clearly. Online therapy can be as easy as sending a text. WebCounselling Therapeutic Approaches; Advantages and Disadvantages. To decide which is best for you whether you are a potential client or therapist try weighing the pros and cons in the context of your life. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /Contents 122 0 R /Parent 1 0 R << /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] endobj It bears a symbolic value and importance. The most notable features are the chieftaincy, village headship, tribal clanship, extended family systems, initiation rites, totems and rituals, ancestral worship, religious cults, witchcraft, and social and traditional ceremonies [8]. It could add an extra two hours or more to your day if there isnt a therapists office near your home or work. Or perhaps she can see you soon, but not as soon as you want. /Parent 1 0 R For administrative purposes, between 15 and 20 villages are demarcated to constitute a zone whose committee is chaired by an elected headman. 1) To develop in students an awareness of opportunities in the society through relevant and useful /Parent 1 0 R It is perceived a symbol of their maturation to womanhood, motherhood and adulthood. The person understands how to take his life forward and how to involve himself in other people. For the vast majority of traditional African protagonists, it is the collective belief in, and reverence of, the ancestors, fear of spirits, totems and symbols, ritual sacrifice, initiation rituals, divination, and charms, as well as their interrelationships and interconnectedness to the enhancement of life, and the genealogical continuity which are fundamental issues of the traditional consciousness [9]. Psychiatry << These reflect the period, circumstance and cultural factors surrounding a particular generation or human society, which acts as a reference point. /Rotate 0 With the incre uhasing threat For instance, diviners apply divination to discover the cause of sudden illness or death, or perceived bad luck; herbalists apply herbal medicines to treat illness or placate the spirit of the deceased, or induce good luck; spiritualists claim a special link to the underworld or dead ancestors as a source of their magical power to help people experiencing extrasensory phenomenal problems; and faith healers apply biblical inscription and prayer to ward off demon possession or enduring physical illness. /Type /Page << Anecdotal inference suggests that migration contributes to the introduction of new cultures broadly (such as when people move from one country to another), and new subcultures specifically (such as when people move from one village or town or province to another). They are an avenue for sharing information on traditional knowledge, customs, and practices that are acknowledged as essential and worthy perpetuation for the common good of the society. /Type /Font As such some scholars argue that online counseling should not replace traditional therapy but rather be used when necessary bearing in mind that not all cases can be handled via e-counseling [8]. /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] A successful marriage is not only measured on the basis of fundamental aspects of stability, longevity, and prosperity, but also on the number of children born. /Parent 1 0 R The most notable ones are: an acceptance that human action can influence natural forces; a reliance upon the mediation of the revered spirits of the dead, who possess new powers over the living and influence human lives and actions; the importance given to shrines and cult ceremonies; reliance on charms or herbal medicines to enhance power, and wealth, and provide safeguards; recognized categories of spiritual entities, and the nature of religious cults; and the belief that much misfortune is caused by human greed and malevolence [10]. You Might Need to Wait a Long Time Before Starting Therapy. /Type /ExtGState As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. /Rotate 0 Teen therapy /Type /Page /Rotate 0 These indigenous approaches to traditional counseling can be referred to as family counseling, and community counseling, respectively. /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] Between these two broad schools of counseling stem derivative approaches, such as adolescent counseling, careers counseling, child counseling, couples counseling, and psychosocial counseling. 8 0 obj In most African countries, the sociocultural divide is prominent in rural villages, rural and urban townships, and various community settings. /Subtype /Type1 /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] Theres also no temptation to interrupt. Counselling has been developed for over 200 years and continues to evolve to adapt to modern societies: The word spirituality is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or religion. >> Online Therapy Alone Is Often Not Enough for Severe Mental Health Issues. 5 Princes Gate Court, /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] Free mental health tests 1.Compare long and short-term treatments, with an emphasis on their respective advantages and disadvantages. << /Resources 84 0 R /Type /Page A rite is a principal act, or a set of rituals which are performed according to prescribed social rules and customs. Another aspect of the collective belief system is spirituality. >> Accessibility, Special Offer: Get $100 off with code SPACE, As a therapist who specializes in eating disorders and body image issues, I have worked with clients who, While Talkspace is not available to people under 18-years-old, we recognize the importance of providing support for the, Online therapy is fast becoming the norm for those seeking therapy on their own terms. Inadvertently, most people rely on traditional healers because their herbal treatments are easily accessible, readily available, and practically affordable. Diagnosis Counselling is one of the best methods of attempting to diagnose the actual cause of the mental health problems that a person is /Contents 109 0 R /Type /Page 35 0 obj << Equally important is the marriage initiation ritual. By getting your feet wet in online therapy, you can learn how to best engage clients using online mediums such as text. Some clients need body language and vocal tone to effectively communicate with a therapist. /Length 4650 Each person must be invested in themselves for cognitive behavioral therapy to work. Terms of use /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] For most people, getting married and bearing children are important transitional life events on their ladder to adulthood. WebEven with the emergence of modern Guidance and Counselling, Traditional guidance and Counselling still plays a vital role in society. Cultural identity development is a major determinant of individual attitudes toward the self, the same group, and different groups, and its effectiveness is most likely to be enhanced when the counselor uses modalities and defines goals which are consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of the client. /Resources 48 0 R Many forms of authority, power, and wealth, easily attain an interpretive association with witchcraft. Traditional healers are instrumental in these arrangements, and they act as a cherished fountain of traditional knowledge and cultural practices in both rural and urban communities. << << /Parent 1 0 R The occurrence or experience of ancestral spirits results in spiritual trance and demon possession. /Type /FontDescriptor The reverse is true when the changes are deemed beneficial to the individual. Counseling is, in many respects, an unusual area of study, in that it encompasses a set of strongly competing theoretical perspectives, a wide range of practical applications, and meaningful inputs from various social disciplines. WebSome advantages of psychoanalytic theory are that it uncovers the roots of the problem, helps clients to relieve past experiences to work through the repressed conflicts and it explains how the personality is constructed. >> >> The concept of culture has serious implications for traditional counseling theory and practice. << This administrative structure underscores the importance of not only the management functions of villages and zones in a chiefdom, but also the levels at which traditional counseling is offered. Some therapists go so far as specializing in working with wealthy clients who can pay hundreds of dollars per session. All these contextual factors are cardinal in understanding the theory and practice of traditional counseling from an African perspective. 2. >> 14 0 obj The prescribed order of performance is not only limited to religious service, but also encompasses other sociocultural actions and rites, including those performed by traditional leaders and traditional healers. Clients are willing to pay much more for in-office therapy than online therapy. Traditional counseling is often regarded as part of the formal interpersonal interaction and communication that is integral to community life. /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] Waiting a few days can seem like an eternity if you are in the middle of a mental health crisis. The revelation may have occurred near a river, rock, cave, mountain, tree, or any such other notable emblem. Each culture has something of value to offer or learn from another culture in contemporary society. This view is supported by Ampim [7], who states that, an elder is someone who is given the highest status in African culture, because she has lived a life of purpose, and there is nothing more respected than living a purposeful life [] she is a living model for the other groups in the society to emulate (p.2). /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] In discharging this shepherding function, they play a dual role, namely, the ecumenical or spiritual function, which involves caring for people from a biblical context, and the pastoral counseling function which involves caring for people from a human relations context. 1. When magic is applied for offensive purposes it assumes the label of witchcraft. This is the out-of-pocket cost, the cost insurance doesnt cover. 40 0 obj They might not be willing to adjust to online therapy. they provide individual, couples/family and group therapy for those looking to improve mood, create /CropBox [ 87.12000 246.96000 508.10000 842 ] /Resources 110 0 R If you work with an online therapy network, the company will send you potential clients. In contrast, every child has a mission to accomplish; a life goal that permeates through all the main stages of development, from childhood to adulthood. endobj >> This view is in sharp contrast to the traditional view, which holds that young women at initiation are predominantly taught how to lie in bed with their future husbands in order to give them the greatest sexual satisfaction, how to behave as proper women, as married women, and mothers of families, and how to perform womens roles and responsibilities [21,23]. The latter is a pre-requisite in situations where the traditional healer previously prescribed herbal remedies for infertility, or any sexual dysfunction, to a couple prior to conception. It involves the social interpretation of reality and the meaning of human experience, culture and life from a constructivist perspective, and recognizes the importance of cultural identity and its centrality in defining associations and relationships within the individual, and between the individual, his family and environment. Ensures Confidentiality. >> A general understanding to be drawn from the foregoing fundamental assumptions of multiculturalism can be explained twofold. The plasticity of human behavior, that is, a persons ability and capability to learn from experience, adapt to new environments, and to be influenced by situational factors and duration of exposure, can all lead people to transcend their own culturally embedded boundaries. Traditional counseling is not only dependent on clear communication, but also on effective communication from the counselor to the client. /Resources 77 0 R /Parent 1 0 R They are an integral dimension to the discourses surrounding the role and practice of traditional healers from the ancient past, for several centuries. /Parent 1 0 R 2 0 obj Beliefs in bad luck, fate, or chance, are generally associated with failure to engage in constructive behaviors and depression in the face of chronic illness. Therapy for veterans For instance, ritualistic actions may include church attendance, initiation, marriage, birth, death, and spiritual healing, including the act of sex. /Type /Page << /BG2 /Default The values of people are a representation and reflection of their prior experiences during their developmental journeys through life. /Type /Page Ritualism is a common feature in contemporary society; and many people practice rituals as part of their sociocultural norm or religious service, and a symbol of traditional heritage. An overarching theme in most of these advantages is communication, expressing emotions, changing dysfunctional paternal and dealing with major life Religious gatherings are at the center of human creation, and are strongly connected with personal identity formation and group belonging. The conception of sexual-related taboos and ancestral worship translate into the collective belief systems inherent in traditional systems of knowledge, and cultural customs and practices. Traditional counseling is closely linked to indigenous ways of doing things which were based extensively on oral history, that is, traditional knowledge and social skills pertaining to some critical issues, customs, or practices, were handed down from one successive generation to another, orally. >> /Contents 76 0 R Online therapy networks have matching algorithms and specialists who take a few minutes to pair you with a therapist who fits your search queries. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] The symbolic logic regarding the primary function of rituals is that it applies to both girls and boys, and the socialization process starts during childhood and reaches its climax in the initiation rituals at puberty and marriage. /Rotate 0 Take our free mental health test, It Wont Make You as Much Money as In-Office Therapy. For most young girls as they advance toward pubescence, the pubertal initiation ceremony is something they eagerly look forward to, prepare for, and freely participate in. >> /Encoding 38 0 R /Type /Page Indigenous ways have existed for the whole of human creation, and they aptly connote traditional ways of doing things, based on traditional systems of knowledge and cultural practices. endobj There is direct observation of what people do, and how they behave, and quite often, direct action is taken to deal with social deviance through scorn, censure or exclusion, or in extreme cases, court action. << Isolation of the initiands (both girls and boys being initiated) at puberty, whether for a few hours, days, weeks, or months, is unique, and it is practiced in both rural and urban communities alike. The performance of rituals revolves around a deeper understanding, or involves an appreciable level of indigenous knowledge, social skills, and competences. /Parent 1 0 R endobj /Contents 116 0 R The words traditional and indigenous are used in the context of the original experience of the sacred, cultivated by the African people, and the concrete expression of that experience within the different ecological and socio-historical settings [9]. Advantages Of counselling 1)At this stage counselling is done to know the problem in learning process. /Contents 67 0 R /Parent 1 0 R << People have the ability to adapt and incorporate changes within their cultural identities. Cognitive behavioral therapy relies on the will of the patient. This development is necessitated by the demands of schooling, innovations to traditional practices, and commercialization, among many factors at play. Thousands of people prefer this approach because they dont want to risk friends, family members or co-workers knowing they are going to therapy. /Resources 121 0 R Saving Money Compared to Traditional Therapy. /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.22000 842 ] Advice and guidance is given to the family or members of the local community when young people are being initiated at puberty, or prepared for marriage, when people are in bereavement, and when people attend traditional, religious, ritual, and social ceremonies. Counselors who start their own practices may find the disadvantages seem overwhelming until they become better established and produce more billable hours. /Type /Page >> It recognizes that all counseling relationships ultimately exist within a cultural context, and they are multicultural in nature. /Type /Catalog stream /Contents 126 0 R The multicultural theory can adequately inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling when an African perspective is integrated. People in all societies, at all times, have experienced emotional or psychological distress and behavioral problems; and in each culture, there have been well-established indigenous ways of helping people to deal with these difficulties. By Livingstone Malinge Gqeba and Nokuzola Gloria Gqeba.