Crossbreeding is simple and effective, and the F1 progeny derived from two parents with contrasting target traits generally exhibit a wide phenotypic variation in chrysanthemum. Thank you for visiting nature.com. For these reasons, its a well-known tea in this ancient form of medicine. Mol. Organ 116, 297309 (2014). 8, 14953 (2017). Let steep for 3 - 5 minutes. 93, 593606 (2017). The market demands for chrysanthemum increase annually, forcing scientists and breeders to create new cultivars with novel appearances and improved stress tolerance and quality attributes. 227, 223233 (2018). Correspondence to Plant Sci. Despite the restrictions discussed in this article, the combination of modern breeding strategies with conventional methods would clearly be a superior approach for improving major horticultural characteristics, incorporating multiple characters into a single cultivar and expanding the usage of chrysanthemum in the floriculture industry. PubMed Central Res. 10, 1133311339 (2011). are clickable links to these studies. Front. 40, 10531059 (1998). 96, 241253 (2015). For example, potassium helps the heart, kidneys, and other organs function properly. 48, 481 (2016). Sin. 20 Count (Pack of 1) 12 $2299 ($1.15/Count) Save $5.00 with coupon FREE delivery Wed, Apr 19 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon de Campos, S. B. et al. Recently, several studies have reported that combining the BSA strategy with high-throughput sequencing technology provides a new opportunity to accelerate the screening of candidate genes associated with important traits in ornamental plants107. 35, 3746 (2017). 99, 115 (2019). Chong, X. et al. Adequate levels of potassium in the body reduce the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cancer, digestive disorders, and infertility. PLoS ONE 10, e0143720 (2015). Appl. J. Bot. Resour. Mums may remind you of autumn gardens, but did you know that chrysanthemum tea has been consumed in Asia for hundreds of years? Although several major-effect QTLs have been detected for these traits, it is currently difficult to identify the chromosomal locations of these QTLs and to validate these QTLs in other populations; therefore, it is impossible to find the genes underlying the desired traits. Phone: (480) 831-2445. J. Mol. Toju, H. et al. In addition, the rapid development of DNA-based molecular marker techniques offers plant breeders a new opportunity to employ molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding, which allows the indirect selection of target traits without regard to environmental factors or plant growth phases and shows great potential to increase the effectiveness of plant breeding16,17. In the case of chrysanthemum, GWASs have been used to explore inheritance patterns and identify favorable alleles for several ornamental characteristics and resistance traits, including plant architecture traits and inflorescence traits95, waterlogging tolerance96, aphid resistance97, and drought tolerance98, based on 707 conventional gel-based SRAP, start codon-targeted (SCoT), and SSR marker loci. Natl Acad. These SNPs are mostly biallelic and can therefore distinguish only two alleles; however, there are allele dosage effects at a single locus in polyploids. Hortic Res 6, 109 (2019). 90, 330343 (2017). If you are living with a health condition and prefer to get relief using an alternative treatment, talk to your healthcare provider. Nat. Chen, F., Chen, P. & Li, H. Genome analysis and their phylogenetic relationships of several wild species of Dendranthema in China. The research identified 250 differentially expressed proteins, 43 of which were involved in photosynthesis, metabolic processes, oxidation-reduction processes, and transport. PubMed Plants live in association with diverse microorganisms, and plant-microbe interactions harbor a vast capacity to change invasive growth characteristics166,167. In traditional Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum tea is known for its cooling and calming properties. Genet. & Van Ooijen, J. Linkage analysis in a full-sib family of an outbreeding plant species: overview and consequences for applications. Due to its herbal benefits, chrysanthemum tea is widely consumed. PubMed Funct. Chrysanthemum (mum) is a plant. Planta 247, 899924 (2018). Sci. The de novo assembly of large genomes with large numbers of repetitive sequences and a high degree of heterozygosity based on second-generation sequencing platforms remains a challenge due to insufficient read length115. Google Scholar. ButI find the flavor to be incredibly pleasant when eating strongly flavored Chinese dishes with lots of spice, and it takes on a richer herbal flavor the longer it steeps. Core microbiomes for sustainable agroecosystems. Several molecular marker types ranging from conventional gel-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to more current sequence-based single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers have been applied to identify markers that are significantly associated with target traits in chrysanthemum. Multiomic technologies have successfully assisted in the breeding programs of major agricultural crops19,20,21. 5, 52 (2018). Im no expert or. 23, 740742 (2005). The chrysanthemum is the flower of the city, and it has been 35 years since the first festival was held in 1983. Ecol. In addition, the emergence and constant improvement of Hi-C technology provide an opportunity to assemble the genomes of complex species at the chromosome level, making it a promising prospect for the future WGS of cultivated chrysanthemum. Although there is limited scientific evidence on the benefits of chrysanthemum, researchers have found that it possesses health-promoting properties in animal and lab studies. Plant Biotechnol. Starting with one or two cups per week will help you determine how drinking chrysanthemum tea will affect you.. To identify and evaluate the tea infusion made with a -irradiated mutant chrysanthemum cultivar with dark purple petals (cv. 97, 91100 (2019). 8, 6974 (2013). However, this approach consisted of a laborious process of constructing a physical map composed of many BAC clones16. In traditional Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum tea is known for its cooling and calming properties. Yuanyang Tea (Hong Kong Style Tea and Coffee). 87, 613618 (2012). Photoperiodic variations induce shifts in the leaf metabolic profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Chrysanthemums are easily attacked by aphids throughout the growing season, seriously affecting their growth and ornamental value. Serve it with ice in the summer, and it will have you feeling cool and calm in no time. 11 (eds Van Huylenbroeck, J.) Using mums therapeutically is not recommended for women who are pregnant because there is not enough evidence of its safety. Efficient de novo assembly of highly heterozygous genomes from whole-genome shotgun short reads. In view of the respective advantages and bottlenecks of these breeding strategies, as discussed above, we propose a comprehensive chrysanthemum-breeding scheme, which is shown in Fig. This review summarizes the merits and drawbacks of conventional breeding. CAS 93, 519 (2013). The species is widely cultivated for the production of cut flowers and used in gardening, potted plants, and ornamental landscaping10. Liu, S., Yeh, C. T., Tang, H. M., Nettleton, D. & Schnable, P. S. Gene mapping via bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq). Sci. Five libraries were designed for transcriptomic analyses to investigate the molecular mechanisms of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, and the results revealed three CmMYB genes and one CmbHLH gene as primary TFs that might regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis under light conditions143. Noda, N. et al. The Chrysanthemum nankingense genome provides insights into the evolution and diversification of chrysanthemum flowers and medicinal traits. PLoS ONE 7, e36406 (2012). Zhang, F. et al. Several publications have shown the usefulness of NGS technologies for revealing microorganisms that live in association with plants174,175. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. It can also have a more subtle flavor the more times you refill the teapot with hot water. One study showed that drinking chrysanthemum tea helped improve alcohol metabolism, which is the process your body uses to break down alcohol and eliminate it from your system, and chrysanthemum tea can also help protect the liver from damage associated with processing alcohol, too. Overexpression of Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium ClCBF1 in Chrysanthemum morifolium White Snow improves the level of salinity and drought tolerance. Afr. Subsequently, the SRAP-based maps were used to detect QTLs for inflorescence-related traits75, plant architectural traits76, leaf traits77, and flowering time and duration78,79. While we do our best to provide nutritional information as a general guideline to our readers, we are not certified nutritionists, and the values provided should be considered estimates. Microbiol. . My mom says you should drink chrysanthemum tea if you. 5, 796 (2015). Biosci. Based on SNPs and this assumption, Van Geest et al.92 published the first integrated ultradense linkage map of a biparental population, including 406 hexaploid individuals, using polymapR, which was developed for the genetic linkage analysis of outcrossing autopolyploids, i.e., triploids, tetraploids, and hexaploids, based on marker dosage. Plant Cell 26, 20382054 (2014). Kjaer, K. H. et al. Various breeding strategies have been employed to improve the aforementioned traits, ranging from conventional techniques, including crossbreeding and mutation breeding, to a series of molecular breeding methods, including transgenic technology, genome editing, and marker-assisted selection (MAS). Genome-editing techniques theoretically allow researchers to introduce mutations into any targeted genomic sequence, and mutations in genome-edited plants are heritable. Integrating and interpreting this global information composed of different hierarchical multiomic data sets in a synthetic manner will help provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic molecular regulatory mechanisms and gene networks that are active in plants178. In addition, the expansion of gene families by duplication events may lead directly to variation in the ornamental and medicinal characteristics of chrysanthemum. Hortic. Get to know the 13 different types of . The abundance and diversity of soil fungi in continuously monocropped chrysanthemum. Sang. The dry flower gives off a strong fragrance. Wang, J. et al. Genome Biol. Google Scholar. Owner of a 200-acre farm, he practices sustainable farming as a hobby and contributes to the "Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics" among other publications and clients. Klie, M., Menz, I., Linde, M. & Debener, T. Strigolactone pathway genes and plant architecture: association analysis and QTL detection for horticultural traits in chrysanthemum. Violet/blue chrysanthemumsmetabolic engineering of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway results in novel petal colors. & Gruissem, W. Proteomics of model and crop plant species: status, current limitations and strategic advances for crop improvement. Microbiol. Sun, J. et al. Organizing and integrating these big data and linking them to particular phenotypes will contribute significantly to broadening and deepening our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and genetics of living organisms. A coexpression network analysis indicated that different members of the MBW complex might be subject to different positive or negative regulatory mechanisms. The AP2/ERF transcription factor CmERF053 of chrysanthemum positively regulates shoot branching, lateral root, and drought tolerance. SNP identification and annotation performed by mapping the transcriptome data of six chrysanthemum varieties onto the C. seticuspe genome demonstrated that the C. seticuspe genome is applicable to genetic analysis in cultivated chrysanthemums. The genome assembly of C. seticuspe using the Illumina sequencing platform produced 2.72Gb of sequences consisting of 354,212 scaffolds with an N50 length of 44.7kb, covering ~89.0% of the estimated genome size. Youka. Zhang, F. et al. Liang, Q. et al. The advantage of mutation breeding is that the high heterozygosity of chrysanthemum can increase the apparent mutation rate and produce many excellent mutation types in a short period of time. Cipriano, M. A. Yue et al.145 performed a transcriptome analysis of Chuju chrysanthemum, a well-known medicinal species. Roxas, N. J., Tashiro, Y., Miyazaki, S., Isshiki, S. & Takeshita, A. Meiosis and pollen fertility in Higo chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Other research also indicates that components. High-density SNP-based genetic maps for the parents of an outcrossed and a selfed tetraploid garden rose cross, inferred from admixed progeny using the 68k rose SNP array. Bot. The main problems lie in the slow process of MAS in chrysanthemum: (1) the population sizes and marker numbers are too small for accurate high-resolution mapping, especially in linkage analysis; (2) the detected QTLs are mostly minor-effect and environment-specific QTLs with no validation, which are not robust enough for selecting phenotypes and performing positional gene cloning; (3) it is difficult to determine the location in the genome of these detected associations or candidate genes due to the lack of complete genome information; (4) all QTL mapping and BSA studies are currently based on F1 populations. There are several varieties of the plant, but yellow chrysanthemum is the most popular for making tea. Although the longer SMRT-seq reads are less accurate, they can be modified by more accurate data from second-generation sequencing116,138. Plant Cell Rep. 34, 13651378 (2015). Hence, establishing effective transformation systems for more receptor plants, improving conversion efficiency, and realizing multigene cotransformation are three major challenges in chrysanthemum transgenic breeding.

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