slaveholder. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Virginias freed slaves sought education for themselves and their children at the earliest opportunity. to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Edgefield County, South Carolina (NARA microfilm series M653, Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is ELLIOTT: Now the work in your volumes can also help resolve historical disputes. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. S., 75 slaves, Harris page 208B, HOLDEN, Benj., 34 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, HOLDEN, Richd., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, JEFFREYS, Robt. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. We give all the sources so you can expand and add to it. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. In counties along the Atlantic Coast in 1790 and 1800, the population of slaves at any one time was nearly at its peak. Once you have traced your ancestor back to the 1870 federal census, the next step would be to confirm whether your ancestor was free or enslaved in 1860. 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free You only have access to basic statistics. available through Heritage Quest at. Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham But many historians approached that data very skeptically. This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to By the time the 1860 Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the Search our book catalog (GIL). Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. Available on Ancestry.com. N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. before.). The 1850 Census was also the first in which all members of a household were listed by name; prior to 1850, only the heads of households named. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million captured men, women, and children were 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. M858. January 1, 2020. A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. FORMER SLAVES. Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 Business Solutions including all features. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. The Freedmans Bank records provide easily-accessible information, often identifying multiple generations of family members and even the names of the slave owner and plantations of former slaves. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. The Coast Survey map of slavery was one of many maps drawn from data produced in 19th-century America. 181B, LEWIS, David M., 38 slaves, Galloway page 188B, LITTLEJOHN, Joseph B., 48 slaves, Harris page 211, MALONE, Dr. Ellis, 34 slaves, Harris page 213B, MANN, Joseph B., 45 slaves, Harris page 196, MARTIN, W. K., 23 slaves, Franklinton page 180, MASSENBURG, N. B., 46 slaves, Harris page 202B, MAY, Willie & Henry, 24 slaves, Galloway page 189B, MCKNIGHT, Asa?, 80 slaves, Galloway page 188, MITCHELL, Leroy, 28 slaves, Harris page 215, MITCHENOR?, Festus, 30 slaves, Galloway page 185, MOON, Wm. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. The Archives has books and periodicals on a wide range of subjects in Georgia History. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. Colorado, in 1885 (special federal census); Michigan, in 1884, 1888 (Union veterans), and 1894; New Mexico, in 1885 (federal territorial); Ohio, quadrennial censuses in 1883, 1887, 1891, 1895, and 1899 (availability varies by county); Oregon, in 1885 and 1895 (only a few counties survive); South Dakota, in 1885 (federal territorial) and 1895; Washington, in 1883, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, and 1892 (availability varies by county); This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 09:26. Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. FORMER SLAVES. One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. WebTRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE VOYAGES. microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. but no locality was shown for the holders on the other pages. A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Beginning in 1866, African-Americans are listed separately until the early 1960s. P., 45 slaves, Harris page 208, WILLIAMSON, Tempie? And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020. The Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. To help show the big patterns of American slavery, I have created an interactive map of the spread of slavery. records of the holder. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. Please do not hesitate to contact me. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including Web1521. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Particularly in the case of WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. Ga. But they do give a large overview of the forced labor system which made the nation "half slave and half free.". Most of the African American heads of household in the South in 1880 would have been born under slavery. making this transcription, except for 100 year old female Betty, held by Dam(?) FORMAT. Please note: This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on In the South, the percentage of the population that was enslaved was extraordinarily high: over 70 percent in most counties along the Mississippi River and parts of the South Carolina and Georgia coast. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Learn more. Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. "Estimated Number of African Slaves Who Were Taken from Various Regions* of Africa during The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Each Century from 1501 to 1866. Owner, J. H. Hughes employer, 57 slaves, page 452B, BROWNING, T. B. They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. 2023 historyguy.com. The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the Alphabetically arranged within each section. transcription includes 104 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Franklin County, slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. When looking at all of these maps together, it's noticable that even as the total number of enslaved peoples in the United States increased between 1790 and 1860, the multitudes were dispersed across the increasing expanse of the United States, rather than becoming more concentrated in areas where slavery was well established. If an African If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. of that County on which they were listed. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth Available for 21 counties: Appling, Baldwin, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Emanuel, Hancock, Jefferson, Jones, Liberty, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Morgan, Pulaski, Richmond, Screven, Taliaferro, Thomas, Warren, and Wilkes. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. If you can find them here, try again in 1850. almost non-existent. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. FORMAT. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the (function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7c0a643818ab15e0',m:'F_7uB9IJtzGtz24h_rJ85qgBO_ANPQKAhCHEH8xs2DY-1682968928-0-Aao502NfAiDPXYlKJkXl/3cpDwtAz+88HUxzrgcuzHeY',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})(); RootsWeb is funded and supported by 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the Web15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). Records from these courts are available for 54 counties. Following the holder Works Progress Administration Records, RG 44-2. not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. The page numbers used are the numbers rubber was listed as having 6,581 whites, only about 42% of the 1860 figure, and the 1960 total of 9,153 "Negroes"was only about WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into Freed slaves, I asked them for the story behind the numbers. Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in Estimates of the number of former slaves who Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country.

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