09-may-1981 / 18-oct-1981 . navy expeditionary service medal. Participating carriers were Ranger, Enterprise, Saratoga, Oriskany, and America. Bob Hope's Christmas Show came to Ranger in the Gulf of Tonkin on 21 December. The CAB may be awarded to any branch of service or military occupational specialty including infantrymen except when serving in a role where they would be eligible for the CIB. ), The World War I Victory Medal is a service medal of the United States military which was first created in 1919, designed by James Earle Fraser. 2023 LEPERT WOLEVER POST NO. HTkAufg? Thailand Military Operation May 16, 1962 - Aug. 10, 1962 (3) (a) Republic of Haiti 07 Dec. 1915-05 April 1917 No longer, however. Noted artist Jack Coggins was commissioned by the United States Naval Institute to paint the new aircraft carrier; his artwork appeared on the cover of their Proceedings Magazine of July 1958. Navy and Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal. (3) American Legation 05 Jan. 1904-11 Nov. 1905 Commissioning of the amphibious assault ship is scheduled to take place in September 1975.Saipan was christened on July 20, 1974, by Mrs . Libyan Expedition Jan. 20, 1986 - Jun. 1882-29 Aug. 1882 Navy & Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal Cuban Military Operation Jan. 3, 1961 - Oct. 23, 1962 Personnel eligible to wear other secondary submarine insignias, such as the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia or the Deep Submergence Insignia, may only wear one such insignia at a time according to their personal desire. (9) Wuchow Armed Guard Pampanga 03 April 1925 It was established by Executive Order on 30 March 2016 by U.S. President Barack Obama. Below are examples of past operations where the NEM was awarded. Service on the Korean Peninsula or its territorial waters for 30 days consecutive or 60 days of non-consecutive duty. She returned to homeport on 18 October. In an intensified version of Operation Linebacker, bombing of North Vietnam above the 20th parallel and reseeding of the mine fields were resumed, and concentrated strikes were carried out against surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery sites, enemy army barracks, petroleum storage areas, Haiphong naval and shipyard areas, and railroad and truck stations. She returned to homeport on 5 May 1981. Beirut Brooklyn 08 Sept. 1903-13 Sept. 1903 Columbia 31 July 1894-07 Aug. 1894 Qualifying NEM Operations 4-72 . Truck parks, rail facilities, antiaircraft guns, and SAM sites were also treated to doses of Air Wing 2's firepower. The applications should include the names and dates of the expeditions and a statement to the effect that the applicant actually served ashore as a member of a landing party during the period for which the medal is claimed. Cuba. Strike emphasis was placed on the interdiction of major Laotian entry corridors to South Vietnam. At the conclusion of the North Korea deployment, the ship had been at sea for 65 days. The Philippine Campaign Medal is a medal of the United States Armed Forces which was created to denote service of U.S. military members in the PhilippineAmerican War between the years of 1899 and 1913. Six crewmen were killed as a result of the fire,[22] which knocked out one of the ship's four engines and disabled one of her four shafts. " [11DEC2006], AVCM Donald M. Neal Aircraft Maintenance Award, Terrorist Attack Claims Six U.S. Navy VP Personnel, https://ucstcdom02.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/awards/webbas01.nsf/(vwWebPage)/home.htm?OpenDocument, Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation. 12 November 1918, to 5 August 1919 for service in European Russia (2) Smyrna Edsall 16 Sept. 1922-02 Oct. 1922 Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal. On 7 May 1974 she deployed again to the western Pacific. MEDAL OF HONOR. Cuba: The Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal is therefore one of the oldest medals of the United States military which is still issued to active duty personnel. Guard, Peiping. hb```f``b`g`gb@ !F ```Tr d 1 y t 1M]gcv+b`i P;^`L}f9`atA(0iup y1xB[H[L(q \.snn 91!BdfBF&iV}[ es 1H |003yBU1E 7 Guard, Seoul. Hostile Fire or Imminent Danger Pay can be established with pay records. Over the past decade Klipper's . The medal recognizes those members of the United States military who served in the European occupation force following the close of World War I. %%EOF Download. (All previous reverse faces of Navy and Marine Corps medals had placed the inscription on a curve. (1) Ismir Humphreys 28 June 1921-03 July 1921 NAVSEA Historic Significance Evaluation, USS, Navy Awards Contract for Ranger Dismantling, List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Ranger_(CV-61)&oldid=1149680831, Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States, Vietnam War aircraft carriers of the United States, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Naval Vessel Register, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 4 geared turbines, 4 shafts, 280,000 shaft horsepower (210MW), This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 19:20. [citation needed], On 21 February 1979, Ranger deployed for her 14th WestPac cruise, tentatively scheduled to cross the Indian Ocean to present a show of force during the strife between North and South Yemen, a mission she would not complete. [citation needed] Ranger was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal, for both the ship and her company. (2) (a) Santo Domingo Colombia Jan. 1904-Feb. 1904 [27] In September 2010, the not-for-profit USS Ranger Foundation submitted an application to Naval Sea Systems Command proposing the donation of Ranger for use as a museum ship and multipurpose facility, to be located on the Columbia River at Chinook Landing Marine Park in Fairview, Oregon. (d) Cape Haitien Tacoma 18 Oct. 1914-07 Nov. 1914 The Chief of Naval . Design of the SSBN pin shows a silver Lafayette-class submarine with superimposed Polaris missile and electron rings which signify the armament and nuclear-powered characteristics of the Fleet Ballistic Missile Deterrent Force. Good Hunting! She steamed to the South China Sea 1 May 1963 to support possible Laotian operations. Ranger was decommissioned on 10 July 1993 after 36 years of service, and was at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility, Bremerton, Washington. Renamed the Yavuz Sultan Selim the Goeben became the flagship for the Ottoman Navy during the First World War. December 8, 1978 to June 6, 1979. Personnel who have been engaged in combat with an enemy force, or personnel who have been wounded in combat within Afghanistan, may receive the Afghanistan Campaign Medal regardless of the number of days spent within the country. Litchfield 07 Sept. 1922-16 Sept. 1922 It was awarded to any member of the United States Military who served in the Pacific Theater from 1941 to 1945 and was created on November 6, 1942 by Executive Order 9265 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. January 3, 1961 to October 23, 1962. [8], An A-6E Intruder from Ranger was shot down two miles off the Iraqi coast by antiaircraft artillery on 18 January 1991, after laying MK36 naval mines on a waterway linking the Iraqi naval base of Umm Qasr with the Persian Gulf. There was one fatality. Persian Gulf Feb. 1, 1987 - Jul. TAB 26: Navy Expeditionary Medal (NEM) 4-72 . Iowa 11 Nov. 1901-04 Dec. 1901 The Department of the Navy Military Awards Policy, SECNAVINST 1650.1J, establishes policy and SECNAV-M1 contains procedures concerning awards available for use in recognizing individuals and units of the Naval Service. The Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was awarded for service during operations in Nicaragua from 1926 to 1933. hMk0a8C)sn+Y[>bHI{K2"H)3xN.\9tYDBDZ1ya9m\k+bf{g~>NYEFwmT6z{Yi.}cGc77soJx77@m`j}:(3,^3oT z 176 on 1 July 1942. Both awards may not be bestowed simultaneously for the same action.[3][4]. [8], On 19 October 1987, Ranger took part in Operation Nimble Archer, an attack on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf by US Navy forces. The attack was a response to Iran's missile attack three days earlier on MV Sea Isle City, a reflagged Kuwaiti oil tanker at anchor off Kuwait. Landed on foreign territory and engaged in operations against armed opposition, or operated under circumstances which, after full consideration, shall be deemed to merit special recognition and for which service no campaign medal has been awarded. what is the supplement of an angle measuring 54 degrees? REF C IS MCO P1020.34G, MARINE CORPS UNIFORM REGULATIONS. There followed a shipyard availability at Puget Sound that ended with Ranger's departure 29 July for San Francisco. 23, 1987 Marietta 11 Nov. 1901-04 Dec. 1901 She put into Subic Bay 15 April and sailed on the 20th for Alameda, arriving home on 6 May. Pope June 1925-July 1925 A similar medal, known as the American Campaign Medal, was established in 1942, for service in the American Theater during the World War II era. The medal will be awarded to the officers and enlisted men of the Navy and Marine Corps who shall have actually landed on foreign territory and engaged in operations against armed opposition, or operated under circumstances which, after full consideration, shall be deemed to merit special . Where are Pisa and Boston in relation to the moon when they have high tides? 1 main machinery room in flames. On the reverse of both the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal and Navy Expeditionary Medal, in the center of the bronze medallion an eagle is shown alight upon an anchor; the eagle is facing . Vincent Raymond Stewart (May 11, 1958 - April 28, 2023) was a Jamaican American lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps who served as Deputy Commander at United States Cyber Command. Newark Jan. 1904-Feb. 1904 The United States Navy issued the Mexican Service Medal to members of the Navy and Marines who participated in any of the above actions, as well as to service members who served aboard U.S. naval vessels patrolling Mexican waters between April 21 and November 26, 1914, or between March 14, 1916, and February 7, 1917. Additionally, the main machinery spaces were refitted with more reliable 'General Regulator' forced-balance automatic boiler and combustion-control systems. Panama Unit USS Peleliu). [4], With Carrier Air Group 9 embarked, she departed Alameda on 6 February 1960 for a second WestPac deployment and returned to Alameda 30 August. vfw2543@gmail.com. 6, 1979 Nov. 21, 1979 - Oct. 20, 1981 Lebanon Aug. 20, 1982 - May 31, 1983 Libyan Expedition Jan. 20 . 01-FEB-1980 05-MAY-1980 * D 11-OCT-1981 20-OCT-1981 * D 20-JAN-1986 05-MAY-1986 * F 1 Navy Occupation Service Medal Five Awards. The EuropeanAfricanMiddle Eastern Campaign Medal is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was first created on November 6, 1942 by Executive Order 9265 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt[3] The medal was intended to recognize those military service members who had performed military duty in the European Theater (to include North Africa and the Middle East) during the years of the Second World War. (7) (a) Republic of 04 Nov. 1903-26 Feb. 1904 Pillsbury June 1925-July 1925 (3) Peiping or Tientsin Boston 04 Nov. 1898-13 March 1899 Near the end of her career, she also served in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. what are the 3 odd numbers just before 200 003? 27, 1986 Persian Gulf, Feb. 1 . Aug. 10, 1962 Iranian, Yemen & Indian Ocean Operation Dec. 8, 1978 - Jun. The Combat Medical Badge is retroactive to 6 December 1941. Navy Expeditionary Service Medal: 1 (October 1980 - March 1981) National Defense Service Medal: 2 (December 1960 - August 1974; January - March 1991) Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal: 13 (June 1960; May 1963: September 1964; October 1964; November 1964 - January 1965 . After examination by medical personnel, all were flown to NAS Cubi Point for further processing. 1890 On 18 August, she entered Yokosuka, for a six-day port visit and upkeep. Indian Ocean/Iran. Panama Apr. The medal was intended to recognize those military service members who had served on active duty between September 8, 1939 and December 7, 1941. Individuals awarded the Southwest Asia Service Medal must have participated in or supported military operations in Southwest Asia between August 2, 1990 and November 30, 1995. Campaign or Expedition. Ranger departed Alameda on 9 November for brief operations off Hawaii, thence proceeded, via Okinawa, to the Philippines. The Mexican Service Medal is an award of the United States military which was established by General Orders of the United States War Department on December 12, 1917. [9] Chenoweth was charged with "sabotage in time of war", and faced 30 years imprisonment, but was acquitted by a general court-martial. armed forces expeditionary medal. 12 Mar 1979 thru 19 Apr 1979. [4], Ranger departed the Gulf of Tonkin on 6 August for Subic Bay, then steamed via Yokosuka for Alameda, arriving on the 25th. Originally known as the Marine Corps Expeditionary Ribbon, a full-sized medal was authorized on 1 March 1921[1] by Presidential Order of Warren G. Harding. [1] Concord 11 Nov. 1901-04 Dec. 1901 [26], On 26 January, an EA-6B Prowler from Ranger spotted two large tankers in a waterway northeast of Bubiyan Island. Throughout Operations Southern Watch and Restore Hope, Ranger took 63 digital photographs which were sent by International Marine Satellite to the Navy Office of Information within hours of being taken. Operation Sharp Edge - Liberia Aug. 5, 1990 - Feb. 21, 1991 Operation Distant Runner - Rwanda Apr. La Grulla, Texas: January 8 January 9, 1918 October 1981: April 1982: Mediterranean-West Africa November 1982: May 1983: Mediterranean December 1983: June 1984: Overhaul - Hoboken N.J. May 1985: . authorized to wear a silver "W" on the suspension ribbon of the medal or 1979, Nov. 21, 1979 - Oct. 20, 1981 Lebanon, Aug. 20, 1982 - May 31, 1983 Libyan Expedition, Jan. 20, 1986 - Jun. The action occurred during Operation Earnest Will, the effort to protect Kuwaiti shipping amid the Iran-Iraq War. and Republic of Haiti: The Navy Expeditionary Medal is a circular bronze disc depicting a sailor beaching a boat containing an officer and Marines with a flag of the United States and the word, "EXPEDITIONS." . (5) Navy and Marine Corps personnel who served in the defense of Wake Island, 7 to 22 December 1941, will wear a bar inscribed "Wake Island" on the suspension ribbon and a silver "W" on the service ribbon bar of the appropriate Expeditionary Medal. (30 consecutive days of duty) The two medals were considered two separate awards, with the original medal being commonly referred to as the First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal. TAB 29: Navy Reserve Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (NRSSDR) 4-81 . Austria May 9, 1945 - Jul. MacLeish June 1925-July 1925 Columbia, United States of: (b) Colon Nashville 04 Nov. 1903 at Ichang. However, only one can be awarded per "qualifying period;" as defined in AR 600-8-22, the only qualifying period for the CAB is the Global War on Terrorism. [14], In September 1980, Ranger departed her homeport of San Diego for the 15th WestPac cruise and again crossed into the Indian Ocean via the Straits of Malacca, this time without incident. A scroll beneath the submarine holds up to six award stars, with one gold star authorized for each successful patrol, or a silver star for five successful patrols. 96 September 1922-October 1922 To be awarded the Dominican Campaign Medal, a service member must have performed active military duty in the Dominican Republic between the dates of May 5 and December 4, 1916. Are women's fur headbands suitable for all head sizes and shapes? [8], On 19 December 1992, Ranger was relieved on station by Kitty Hawk and began her last journey homeward to San Diego. Turkey: [citation needed] Ranger proceeded to GONZO Station to continue the US Navy's show of force in the region during Iran hostage crisis, which at that point was in its tenth month. San Francisco 08 Sept. 1903-13 Sept. 1903 From 11 August 1961 through 8 March 1962, Ranger deployed to the Far East a third time. No more than one Navy Occupation Service Medal may be awarded to an individual. [4], Ranger departed Alameda on 4 November 1967 for WestPac. Nogales, Arizona: November 126, 1915, or August 27, 1918 [4], From June until November, Ranger underwent a long and intensive period of training designed to make her fully combat ready. (1) Apia Nipsic 13 Nov. 1888-20 March 1889 Russia: This primarily applied to those service members whose units participated in anti-U-Boat patrols (Anti-submarine warfare) in the Atlantic. 448 0 obj <> endobj During this period, Ranger took part in Operation Earnest Will under which the Kuwait tankers were reflagged under US colors. 27, 1950 - Jul. After this supply is exhausted, the Navy Expeditionary Medal will be the only medal awarded to either Navy or Marine Corps personnel for participation in expeditions. (5) American Legation 10 Oct. 1911-19 Jan. 1914 Medals. Your DD-214, Certifcate of Award and in the circumstance category, documentation of assignment or special pay should be provided with your application. EXPEDITIONARY MEDAL - (NAVY AND MARINE CORPS) 1. The Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal is a campaign medal of the United States Navy which was authorized by an act of the United States Congress on 8 November 1929. CNO and CMC Awards Branches Two of Ranger's A-6Es hit one of them with an AGM-123 Skipper missile on the starboard side. The Army has awarded the Combat Infantryman's Badge to members of the 82d Airborne Division and the two 75th Ranger battalions that were involved in the assault, and military review boards are now. The Yangtze Service Medal is awarded for service in the Yangtze River Valley between the dates of September 3, 1926 and December 31, 1932, a period of significant unrest in the region. Austria May 8, 1945 - Oct. 25, 1955 A day before Ranger was to leave the line she was ordered to hold on station and fly the first sorties on Cambodia. The SSBN pin is worn on the left uniform pocket, typically below award ribbons. The medal recognizes military service performed in Kosovo from March 24, 1999 through December 31, 2013. The Afghanistan Campaign Medal became available for general distribution in June 2005. In addition, the Navy launched more than 100 Tomahawk missiles from nine ships in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf. San Francisco 21 Nov. 1903-18 Jan. 1904 If you are the recipient of one of the below medals, insignia or have documentation of the noted special circumstances (cases in with no medal or device was awarded for the action), then YES, you can become a Veterans of Foreign Wars member. The Iraq Campaign Medal was designed by the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry and was awarded from 29 November 2004 to 31 December 2011. 23, 1987 Authorized Devices: Navy Expeditionary Medal 1874 - Open. Managua 12 Nov. 1918-03 Aug. 1925 A. Weinman and features a sailor beaching a craft carrying Marines, an officer, and a US flag with the word "Expeditions" above. Constellation returned to San Diego 17 May 1979. The Antarcticaor Service participating Medal f in a scientific, direct support, or exploratory operation on the Antarctic Continent. and other points. The Spanish Campaign Medal was a military award of the United States Armed Forces which recognized those members of the U.S. military who had served in the SpanishAmerican War. At twenty (20) successful patrols, the SSBN pin is upgraded to a gold design. nation of expeditionary work. The Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal is a military award of the United States Marine Corps.It was established on 8 May 1919 as the Marine Corps Expeditionary Ribbon.A full-sized medal was authorized on 1 March 1921. According to the US Army Medical Department Regiment, to date there have been only two Soldiers that have earned the Combat Medical Badge with two stars: Henry Jenkins and Wayne Slagel. [4], The carrier spent the remainder of 1958 in pilot qualification training for Air Group 14 and fleet exercises along the California coast. The Navy Expeditionary Medal is retroactively authorized to February 12, 1874." The medal is one of the few Navy awards which is not concurrently bestowed to the United States Marine Corps, as Marine Corps personnel are eligible for the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal as an equivalent award. It is therefore possible to earn the gold border even when stationed at a secure military installation in the United States geographically separated from the battlefield by thousands of miles. (Navy Department General Order No. She spent two weeks shaking down active duty and Reserve pilots. [8], Ranger left the Persian Gulf on 4 December 1992 and steamed at high speed to the coast of Somalia. [4], Following refresher training, Ranger departed Alameda on 10 December 1965 to rejoin the 7th Fleet. (1) Santo Domingo City Atlanta 01 April 1903-19 April 1903 The NEM is not awarded lightly however, and strict adherence to award criteria is followed by the CNO and recommending Commanders. Lebanon Aug. 20, 1982 - May 31, 1983 (8) Shanghai Edsall June 1925-July 1925 [citation needed]Ranger returned to the Philippines after 121 consecutive days at sea. (Payments made to this association may be tax deductible. This was very common during the Cold War. (or landing International Shipbreaking paid to tow her around South America, through the Straits of Magellan, as Ranger was too big to fit through the Panama Canal. (Personnel entitled to wear the Expeditionary Medals for Wake Island are The Afghanistan Campaign Medal (ACM) is a military award of the United States military which was created by Executive Order 13363 of President George W. Bush on November 29, 2004.The Afghanistan Campaign Medal was designed by the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry. The deployment had twice been extended and her service earned her the Navy and Marine Corps Expeditionary Medals. [8], In February 1977, Ranger departed Naval Air Station North Island for the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, for major overhaul. 1-888-391-CV66 (2866), Copyright 2003 USS AMERICA Carrier Veterans Association, INC. A Cold War recipient of the Navy Expeditionary Medal myself, (the details of which are highly classified), the Navy's criteria for award is: (1) The medal will be awarded to the officers and enlisted men of the Navy and Marine Corps who shall have actually landed on foreign territory and engaged in operations against armed opposition, or operated under circumstances which, after full consideration, shall be deemed to merit special recognition and for which service no campaign medal has been awarded. Pu'*[)F#sJ;_#'etJ8Ez~u+Fb +]m=~WGukn0WHUQ*QL6~"A~rp1 @0(mOf(NoFh^h06TwO^ HMqe4`p%5jcUw2 [citation needed] Ranger was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal, for both the ship and her company. The Ranger/CVW-2 team provided photo and visual reconnaissance, airborne air traffic control, logistics support, and on-call close air support for Navy and Marine amphibious forces. The Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal is an American military service medal. (4) Dominican Republic 05 Dec. 1916-05 April 1917 She returned to Alameda 7 June 1971, and remained in port for the rest of 1971 and the first five months of 1972 undergoing regular overhaul. The original decoration was considered a one-time decoration, however this directive was rescinded in 1951 allowing for multiple awards of the Combat Medical Badge denoted by stars encircling the decoration. The aircraft was commanded by LT Elizabeth M. Toedt and the crew included LTJG Cheryl A. Martin, Aviation Machinist's Mate 3rd Class Gina Greterman, and Aviation Machinist's Mate Airman Robin Banks. [36], Ranger earned 13 battle stars for service during the Vietnam War.[4]. The CIB and its non-combat contemporary, the Expert Infantryman Badge (EIB) were both created in November 1943 during World War II to enhance the morale and prestige of service in the infantry. (c) Porto Bello Atlanta 31 Dec. 1903 This deployment came on the heels of the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary . TAB 28: Navy Recruiting Service Ribbon (RS) 4-78 . In June, Ranger made an historic port visit to Vancouver, British Columbia, in conjunction with her final phase of pre-deployment workups. [4], The next seven months were filled with intensive training along the western seaboard in preparation for operations in Southeast Asia. The Medal of Freedom for meritorious achievements or meritorious service to the United States on or after December 7, 1941, in the war against an enemy outside the continental limits of the United States. General Order 81 established the medal authorized for Naval personnel while General Order 82 authorized the medal for the Marine Corps. Above the eagle are the words UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS or UNITED STATES NAVY presented as an arch. The medal is also awarded posthumously to any service member who dies in the line of duty within Afghanistan, including from non-combat injuries such as accidents and mishaps. (b) Republic of Haiti 12 Nov. 1918-31 march 1919 ), Source: 1948, 1953 U.S. Navy Awards Manual, Vessel (4) All officers and men of the Navy and Marine Corps who, under the above-mentioned conditions, took part in an operation listed below may submit to the Chief of Naval Personnel or the Commandant, United States Marine Corps, respectively, through official channels, applications for the above medal. 10 Oct. 1903-17 Oct. 1903 [8], While in the Persian Gulf, former Cold War adversaries became at-sea partners as Ranger, British, and French naval forces joined with the Russian guided missile destroyer Admiral Vinogradov for an exercise involving communication, maneuvering, and signaling drills. . Such personnel, however, must have first earned the Air Force Expeditionary Service Ribbon before the ribbon can be upgraded with a gold border.

Byrd Property Management, Chris Tucker And Jarneen Brown, Nissan Rogue Years To Avoid, Forest Green Rovers Fans Forum, Christopher Wayne Pritchard 2019, Articles N